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What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis regarding the origin of mitochondria? What molecular facts support this hypothesis?...

What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis regarding the origin of mitochondria? What molecular facts support this hypothesis? To which other cellular organelles can the hypothesis also be applied?

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The aerobic bacterium thrived inside the cell cytoplasm which provided plentiful molecular food for its heterotrophic survival. The bacterium digested these molecules which manufactured massive energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the extent that extra ATP was obtainable to the host cell's cytoplasm. This extremely benefited the anaerobic cell which then gained the capability to aerobically digest food. Ultimately, the aerobic bacterium could no longer survive autonomously from the cell, which evolved into the mitochondrion organelle.

Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory

  • Mitochondria have exceptionally alike characteristics to purple-aerobic bacteria. Both use oxygen in the making of ATP, while both do this by using the Kreb’s Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Likewise, chloroplasts are very alike to photosynthetic bacteria as both have like chlorophyll which harnesses light energy which is transformed into chemical energy. Even though there are several similarities between mitochondria and purple aerobic bacteria and chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria, they appear to be slight and explainable by succeeding evolution.
  • Mitochondria as well as chloroplasts are similar in size to bacteria i,e 1 to 10 microns.
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts’ DNA, RNA, ribosomes, chlorophyll, and protein production is similar to that for bacteria, which provides the first substantive proof for the endosymbiotic hypothesis. It was also determined that mitochondria and chloroplasts divide independently of the cell they live in. Having their own DNA and dividing independently Mitochondria of the cell is what eventually results in only mitochondrial DNA being inherited by one’s mother in view of the fact that only an egg cell has DNA while a sperm cell does not.
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have double phospholipid bilayer, which appears to have arisen by mitochondria and chloroplasts while entering eukaryotic cells by means of endocytosis. Both purple, aerobic bacteria which are similar to mitochondria and photosynthetic bacteria which is similar to chloroplasts only have one phospholipid bilayer, however when they enter another cell via endocytosis, are bound by a vesicle which make the second layer of their double phospholipid bilayer.

              This hypothesis can also be applied to Chloroplast.

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