Question

• What is the significance of coccolithophores and their blooms? • What are their adaptations? • What is the adaptation "trade-off"? Does this match the predictions of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? Why do phytoplankton contribute to oxygen levels? • Why is "every other breath we take" from the oceans? • How does this illustrate the concept of how interconnected all living things are?

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Answer 1

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1) Coccolithophores are a widespread group of marine phytoplankton that produce plates of calcium carbonate that cover their cells. Large blooms of coccolithophores may significantly influence the biogeochemical properties of the ocean and atmosphere and trophic dynamics of the marine ecosystem.Coccolithophore. Coccolithophores are one of the main types of phytoplankton in the ocean and their production of calcium carbonate significantly diminishes the effectiveness of the biological pump for sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) in the deep ocean.The turquoise color of the Santa Barbara Channel is due to a bloom of chalk-forming phytoplankton called coccolithophores

Because of the important implications of coccolithophore blooms, their timely monitoring and reporting is necessary for ecosystem management. To communicate with ecosystem management stakeholders, we developed an annual Coccolithophore Bloom Index (CBI) for the eastern Bering Sea shelf using satellite ocean color data.Coccolithophore blooms were larger during years with either very weak or very strong stratification. In addition, while blooms usually occurred over the middle shelf (50‐ to 100‐m depth), more of the bloom was located over the shallow (30–50 m) inner shelf when stratification was weak. Nutrient availability likely plays a role in bloom formation and location. Understanding the factors leading to coccolithophore blooms may allow us to forecast blooms in the future, providing important advance information for resource managers.

2) Coccolithophorid algae are phytoplankton with an exceptionally long and widespread fossil record, both in the coccolith calcite plates and the specific organic biomarkers which are preserved in marine sediments for the last 100 million years. They are also dominant CaCO3 producing organisms in the open ocean, and the dense mineral plates contribute to ballasting and providing export of organic carbon into the deep abyss, enhancing the biological carbon pump. There is much debate regarding the fate of coccolithophores and coccolithophore calcification in the future oceans which will feature lowered pH and higher CO2 from anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Our work seeks to understand the physiological mechanisms and adaptations which may condition coccolithophorid response to past and future ocean conditions.

Coccolithophorid algae are phytoplankton with an exceptionally long and widespread fossil record, both in the coccolith calcite plates and the specific organic biomarkers which are preserved in marine sediments for the last 100 million years. They are also dominant CaCO3 producing organisms in the open ocean, and the dense mineral plates contribute to ballasting and providing export of organic carbon into the deep abyss, enhancing the biological carbon pump. There is much debate regarding the fate of coccolithophores and coccolithophore calcification in the future oceans which will feature lowered pH and higher CO2 from anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Our work seeks to understand the physiological mechanisms and adaptations which may condition coccolithophorid response to past and future ocean conditions.

4) Phytoplankton need two things for photosynthesis and thus their survival: energy from the sun and nutrients from the water. Phytoplankton absorb both across their cell walls. In the process of photosynthesis, phytoplankton release oxygen into the water.Phytoplankton can be thought of as the plants of the plankton world. Since they photosynthesise, they play a big role in the oxygen cycle. ... To produce oxygen, these phytoplankton need just two things – energy from the sun, which is abundant, and nutrients from the water, which aren't always as common

Plankton – or specifically, phytoplankton – are a vital part of oceanic ecosystems and food webs. They are the primary producers of the ocean, and are grazed on by a range of animals and other organisms. Many plankton are photosynthetic, which means that they produce oxygen.they are also the cause of oceanic dead zones which result in mass fish kills and almost irreversible ecosystem damage.

Phytoplankton can be thought of as the plants of the plankton world. Since they photosynthesise, they play a big role in the oxygen cycle. They are abundant in cold, nutrient rich waters where they form the base of the food web, and are an extremely diverse and varied group of organisms. Sub-types of phytoplankton include diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, silicoflagellates, bacteria, and viruses .

According to National Geographic, around half of the world’s oxygen is produced by phytoplankton through the process of photosynthesis . half of the world’s oxygen production comes from microscopic, plant-like organisms

To produce oxygen, these phytoplankton need just two things – energy from the sun, which is abundant, and nutrients from the water, which aren’t always as common. It has been argued that we could artificially increase the nutrient concentrations in parts of the ocean to stimulate phytoplankton growth.