Question

9. All of the following affect agglutination EXCEPT: a. temperature b. antibody isotype c. ionic strength of buffer d. agarose concentration 10. Immunofixation is best used in: a. detection of cold agglutinins b. the workup of a monoclonal gammopathy such as multiple myeloma c. the identification of large immune complexes d. none of the above 11. The following results were observed when performing a serological agglutination test: Positive control negative Negative control negative Patient positive What would you do? a. report out patient result. b. Do not report out patient result. c. Check date of expiration on pipettes. d. Run new controls only.

help please. thank you!

Answer 1

Answer =

Except that affect agglutination is

d.Agarose concentration

Explanation = agarose concentration is not a part of agglutination reaction. agglutination reactions are the reactions that are between antigen & antibody.

except agarose concentration, other factors that is temperature, antibody isotype ,ionic strength of buffer all are affetcs the agglutination.

a.Temperature = the temperature affects agglutination as it can alter in the equilibrium constant of the antibdy as well as temperature will alter the rate of encounter.

If temperature is higher that is antibodies are warm, the equilibrium constant is not changed.

with decreased temperature there is increase in the equilibrium constant.

b.Antibody isotype -agglutination reactions involves particulate antigens capable of binding antibody molecules.Since antibody molecules are multivalent ,suspended with particulate antigens form large aggregates or clumps.

c.Ionic strength of buffer - In saline buffer, that when ionic strength is normal , the ionized groups of both antigen & antibody are partially neutralized by oppositely charged ions in the medium.

when ionic strength is low then ions become exposed & there is increase in attaraction.

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10.Immunofixation is best used in :

b.The workup of a monoclonal gammopathy such as multiple myeloma.

Explanation - Immunofixation is used for the detection and typing of monoclonal antibodies or immunoglobulins in serum or urine.

it is used to confirm the presence of a monoclonal antibodies & to identify the heavy chain type & light chain.

In this technique ,electrophoresis of one specimen from a patient suspected of monoclonal gammopathy is performed.then each sample is overlaid with different monoclonal antibodies

anti $\gamma$ = to detect $\gamma$ heavy chain

anti $\alpha$ = to detect $\alpha$ chain

anti $\mu$ = to detect $\mu$ chain

anti $\lambda$ = to detect $\lambda$ chain

anti K = to detect K chain.

antigen antibody reaction takes place.