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Conceptual Questions The terms conjugation, transduction, and transformation are describe three different natural forms of genetic transfer between bacterial cells. Briefly discuss the similarities and differences among these processes. Conjugation is sometimes called "bacterial mating." Is it a form of sexual reproduction? Explain. m? If you mix together an equal number of F+ and F-cells, how would you expect the proportions to change over time? In other words, do you expect an increase in the relative proportions of F+ or of F-cells? Explain your answer.

Answer 1

C1.

Similarities between the three processes -

All the three processes are modes of genetic recombination in bacteria. Bacteria does not show through sexual reproduction by formation and fusion of gametes but it shows exchange of genetic material between two bacterial cells.

Whatever genes are transferred in bacteria, by any of the processes, confer unique characteristics to the bacterial cell.

Differences between the three processes -

	Conjugation	Transformation	Transduction
Process	transfer of genes from one bacterium to the other	transfer of genes from external environment into the bacteria	transfer of genes from virus to bacteria
Genes transferred	genes located on plasmid are transferred	any gene present in the environment is taken up by the bacteria	viral jeans which direct the host bacterial cell to synthesise viral particles like head coma viral envelope, tail are transferred
Direct contact between the bacterial cells	direct contact between bacterial cells is required and is done by the formation of conjugation tube	direct contact not required	direct contact between virus and bacteria is required
External agent	no external agent is required	external agent is required which will increase the permeability of the membrane of bacteria to take up DNA from external environment, this agent is generally a chemical like calcium chloride	not required
Final fate of the bacterial cell	two bacterial cells both having same plasmid genes are formed	bacterial cell with new set of genes is is formed ultimately	the bacterial cell is broken down by viral particles

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