Question

1. Anatomically describe how to locate the rhomboid muscles on the cat.
2. Anatomically describe how to locate the brachioradialis muscle on the cat.
3. Anatomically describe how to locate the four hamstring muscles on the cat.
4. Anatomically describe how to locate and determine the four abdominal muscles on the cat.

Answer 1

CAT ANATOMY

1. The anatomy of muscle and shoulder: It consists of superficial muscles.

• Locate the following superficial muscles:• Trapezius muscles—The cat has three separate mus-cles, compared with a single human trapezius.—Clavotrapezius—Acromiotrapezius—Spinotrapezius
• Deltoid muscles—The cat has three separate deltoid muscles, compared with one in humans.—Clavobrachialis (clavodeltoid)—Acromiodeltoid—Spinodeltoid.
• Latissimus dorsi.
• Cut and reflect the trapezius muscles and thelatissimus dorsi.
• To locate the following deepmuscles:• Splenius• Levator scapulae ventralis (levator scapulae in humans)• Rhomboideus capitis (not in humans)• Rhomboideus (rhomboideus major and minor in humans)• Supraspinatus• Infraspinatus• Teres major

                              

Acromie Lavator scale பாக்கலாமா Spindeld Aeromoded Exemal oblique Clavobrachialis Triceps brachi

Fig 1:Anatomy of muscles of shoulder.

2. Describe how to locate the brachioradialis muscle on the cat.

• Locate the following muscles on the lateral arm:• Brachialis• Triceps brachii lateral head• Triceps brachii long head
• Cut and reflect the lateral head of the triceps brachiimuscle and identify the:• Triceps brachii medial head.
• Locate the following muscles on the lateral forearm. These muscles are listed from anterior to posterior:• Brachioradialis• Extensor carpi radialis longus• Extensor digitorum communis• Extensor digitorum lateralis• Extensor carpi ulnaris.
• Lift the extensor carpi radialis longus to observe the underlying muscle: Extensor carpi radialis brevis.
• Locate the following muscles on the medial arm:• Biceps brachii—Cut and reflect the pectoante-brachialis muscle to better observe the biceps brachii• Epitrochlearis (not in humans).
• Locate the following muscles onthe medial forearm:• Flexor carpi radialis• Palmaris longus• Flexor carpi ulnaris• Pronator teres

Brand vodeod Acromiodod Extensor carpinaris Edonor digitorum laborals Extensor carpi radialis longus med head Spindehold Triceps brachi Clawobrachii Palmarengus - Petrobrachialis - Pectoralis major Epitrocharis Triopsong head Pronators

Fig 2: Anatomy of muscles and fore arm.

3. describe how to locate the four hamstring muscles on the cat.

• Thighs of four-legged animals have broad lateral and medial surfaces. Note how the quadriceps and hamstring muscles are distributed on the lateral and medial surfaces of the cat, and compare this with the distribution in humans.

                            

Sartorius (out) liopsoas Gracilis Rectus femoris Pectineus Adductor longus Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Adductor femoris Semimembranosus Sartorius (out) -Semitendinosus Gracilis (out)

Fig 3: Shows the anatomy of the thighs.

• Locate thefollowing superficial muscles on the lateral thigh:• Sartorius• Tensor fasciae latae• Gluteus medius• Gluteus maximus• Caudofemoralis (not in humans)• Vastus lateralis• Biceps femoris• Semitendinosus
• Locate the following superficialmuscles on the medial thigh:• Sartorius• Adductors• Gracilis
• Cut and reflect the sartorius and the gracilis muscles.
• Locate the following deepmuscles on the medial thigh:• Iliopsoas• Pectineus• Adductor longus• Adductor femoris (adductor magnus in humans)• Vastus lateralis• Rectus femoris• Vastus medialis• Semimembranosous

4) Abdominal organs:

• Follow the esophagus through the thoraciccavity to the diaphragm,locating the esophagealhiatuswhere the esophagus penetrates through thediaphragm to the abdominal cavity.

                               

Diaphragm Pylorie valve Duoden maline Grer meritum

Fig 4a: Shows the ventral view of the cat’s abdomen.

• Observe the yellowish, fat-filled “apron” that covers the abdominopelvic viscera. This is the double-layered serous membrane, the greater ,momentum,that can be deflected back or totally removed according to your instructor’s directions.
• Observe the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity and also covers the exterior of the abdominal organs. The peritoneal cavity is the large cavity that is filled with the abdominopelvic organs.
• The next obvious structure in the abdomen is the large, brown or reddish-brown liver on the right side inferior to the diaphragm. Look for a small, greenish sac, the gallbladder,on the inferior surface of the liver, and the cystic duct.The falciform ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver and attaches the liver superiorly to the abdominal wall
• To the left of and partially posterior to the liver is the stomach.Identify the lesser momentum,theserous membrane that attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach. Note the constricted junc-tion of the esophagus and the stomach, theesophageal sphincter.Cut open the stomach along its greater curvatureto reveal the rugae,if present.If the cat’s stomach is stretched, rugae are absent; if the stomach is contracted, rugae will be present.Identify the parts of the stomach: the cardia,fundus,body,pylorus,and the pyloric sphincter.Rollthe firm sphincter area between your thumb and ndex finger; cut open this area to observe the con-striction caused by the sphincter. To the left of andposterior to the stomach is the long, narrow, dark-colored spleenthat hugs the left abdominal wall (nota digestive organ).
• Lift the stomach, and reflect it back to reveal the granular, usually brownish-gray pancreas.The head of the pancreas is in the C-shape of the first sectionof the small intestine, the duodenum,and the tail of the pancreas is near the spleen. Find the common bile ductentering the duodenum and follow it to-ward the liver until you find the junction of thecommon hepatic duct with the cystic duct.
• he small intestine of the cat has three divisions, as does the human: the duodenum,jejunum,and ileum.Note the mesentery that attaches the small intestine to the posterior body wall. Spread the mesentery to observe the branches of the superiormesenteric artery and vein. Follow the small intestine through its entire length. The ileum ends in the inferior right quadrant, where it joins with the large intestine at the ileocecal junction or sphincter.Make an incision in this area to observe the sphincter. Note that the small intestine has a smaller diam-eter, a greater length, and is very coiled compared with the large intestine.
• The large intestine,or colon,is composed of the cecum,a short ascending colon,transverse colon,descending colon,and rectum.Just inferior to the ileocecal junction is the cecum,or blind pouch.Identify the ascending,transverse,and descending parts of the colon plus the mesocolon that affixes the colon to the posterior body wall. Now identify the rectumand the anus.