Question

Fill in the table below: Cutaneous Visceral Mucocutaneous Synonyms Location of parasite replication Symptoms Treatment

I need help filling out this table about blackflies, sandflies, and biting midges

Answer 1

1)Cutaneous

Synonymn: cutaneous means "of the skin",( Cutaneous means of or relating to the skin)

Location of parasite replication: macrophages

Symptoms: skin lesions such as macules, papules, nodules, or facial redness.

Treatment: intravenous MA with paromomycin + 12% methylbenzethonium chloride. rifampicin, metronidazole, cotrimoxazole

2)Visceral

Synonymn: the internal organs of the body, specifically those within the chest (as the heart or lungs) or abdomen (as the liver, pancreas or intestines).

Location of parasite replication:   In hostile part of the macrophage cell, inside the phagolysosome

Symptoms: fever and the enlargement of the spleen, with enlargement of the liver , blackening of the skin,Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and dysentery

Treatment: chemotherapy, pentavalent antimonials such as sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate, amphotericin B, Miltefosine

3) Mucutaneous:

Synonymn: made up of or involving both typical skin and mucous membrane.

Location of parasite replication: chromosome 2

Symptoms: hyperkeratosis, skin ulcer, dyspareunia, endocardium abnormality, vision problems, hepatitis, seizures, hematuria and meningitis

Treatment: Systemic antifungal therapy

Blackflies:

Black flies are central to the transmission of the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus which causes onchocerciasis, or "river blindness". It serves as the larval host for the nematode and acts as the vector by which the disease is spread.

Cause : Onchocerciasis

Symptoms: Itching, bumps under the skin, blindness

The life of the parasite can be traced through the black fly and the human hosts in the following steps:

1. A Simulium female black fly takes a blood meal on an infected human host, and ingests microfilaria.

2. The microfilaria enter the gut and thoracic flight muscles of the black fly, progressing into the first larval stage (J1.).

3. The larvae mature into the second larval stage (J2.), and move to the proboscis and into the saliva in its third larval stage (J3.). Maturation takes about seven days.

4. The black fly takes another blood meal, passing the larvae into the next human host’s blood.

5. The larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissue and undergo two more molts. They form nodules as they mature into adult worms over six to 12 months.

6. After maturing, adult male worms mate with female worms in the subcutaneous tissue to produce between 700 and 1,500 microfilaria per day.

7. The microfilaria migrate to the skin during the day, and the black flies only feed in the day, so the parasite is in a prime position for the female fly to ingest it. Black flies take blood meals to ingest these microfilaria to restart the cycle.

Treatment:

                          Ivermectin, doxycycline

Sandflies:

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania type. It is spread by the bite of certain types of sandflies. The disease can present in three main ways: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral.

Symptoms: Skin ulcers, fever, low red blood cells, enlarged live

ishmaniasis may be divided into the following types:

· Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form, which causes an open sore at the bite sites, which heals in a few months to a year and half, leaving an unpleasant-looking scar. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis produces widespread skin lesions which resemble leprosy, and may not heal on its own

· Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis causes both skin and mucosal ulcers with damage primarily of the nose and mouth.

· Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar ('black fever') is the most serious form, and is potentially fatal if untreated. Other consequences, which can occur a few months to years after infection, include fever, damage to the spleen and liver, and anemia.

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflie which can transmit the protozoa Leishmania.

(1) The sandflies inject the infective stage, metacyclic promastigotes, during blood meals.

(2) Metacyclic promastigotes in the puncture wound are phagocytized by macrophages, and

(3) transform into amastigotes.

(4) Amastigotes multiply in infected cells and affect different tissues, depending in part on the host, and in part on which Leishmania species is involved..

(5,6) Sandflies become infected during blood meals on infected hosts when they ingest macrophages infected with amastigotes.

(7) In the sandfly's midgut, the parasites differentiate into promastigotes,

(8) which multiply, differentiate into metacyclic promastigotes, and migrate to the proboscis.

Treatment : liposomal amphotericin B, rifampicin, metronidazole, cotrimoxazole

Biting midges:

biting midges are the vectors of filarial worms , These parasites cause infection in humans that produces dermatitis and skin lesions because the adult worms are located in the skin

Symptoms: dermatitis and skin lesions

Lifecycle:

• Eggs: females require blood for their eggs to mature. The number of eggs produced varies among species and size of blood meal.
• Larvae: Larvae require water, air and food and are not strictly aquatic or terrestrial. They cannot develop without moisture.
• Pupae: The pupal stage typically lasts ~ two to three days.
• Adults: Biting midges are holometabolous, progressing from egg to larva to pupa, and finally to the adult stage. The complete cycle can occur in two to six weeks, but is dependent on the species and environmental conditions.

Treatment: Repellents containing DEET (diethytoluamide) and clothing impregnated with DEET or permethrin provide only limited protection.

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