Question

1. How do the ossicles of the middle ear transmit sound wave information to the inner ear? (e.g., explain how the movement of the bones changes based on frequency and amplitude) 2. Explain how frequency information is processed on the basilar membrane of the cochlea (e.g., describe what happens when you modify the frequency and amplitude of sound waves-where are they processed?) 3. What cells are responsible for transduction in the auditory system? Where are they located? How does transduction occur?

Answer 1

Q. 1. A. Articular ossicles or ossicles , their work is to transmit sound from air to the cochlea that is fluid filled labyrinth.

B.they transfer acoustic energy from compression waves in air to cochlea.there is ossicular chain present, that transmit sound via chain reaction of vibration, that connects the eardrum, to inner ear and cochlea.

There are two mechanism :- 1. From eardrum , concentrate energy in the oval window. And there is action between hammer, and anvil stirrup .

2. Columella, one bone in middle ear that connects eardrum directly to oval window.

Q. 2. Their is performation of frequency, to place conversion in the inner ear of cochlea, in Basilar membrane, their is excitation in the cochlea, that depends on the incoming signal of the frequency, then their is movement of basilar membrane, which connects to the auditory nerve fibers, and stimulates the hair cell.

It works like , it makes the hair cell, cilia to brush gently opposite to or against to the surfaces of tectorial membrane.

When bassilar membrane is exposed to high frequency signals, then it resonates as it stiffs, then it results in excitation of nerve cell that must be close to nerve cell.

When bassilar membrane is exposed to low frequency signals then it must be at far end of bassilar membrane.

And for some specific frequency, thare is cochlea present , in it specific fibre is present for responding.

Q. 3. On the Basilar membrane, there is cell riding , which is present in the sensory hair, that point transduction is present.

Transduction takes place in the cochlea of the inner ear.

Transduction invloves the formation of electrical energy, by the transformation of sound waves.like sound waves enter into external auditory meatus converted into fluid pressure waves.