Question

51. Explain what being a chemortoph and a phototroph means 52. List and briefly explain the types of biological work, give examples 53. Explain the first and the second laws of thermodynamics, give an example in biological systems 54. Show and explain how free energy of the system changes in an exergonic reaction 55. Explain why the system in equilibrium has the lowest free energy. Give an example. 56. Explain how thermal activation of chemical reactions work 57. Explain how enzymes speed up chemical reactions 58. Compare thermal and enzymatic activation of chemical reactions, point out the similarities and the differences 59. Explain how the idea that temperature sensing by ion channels is due to production and binding of channel-activating ligands was disproved by Nilius et al 60. Explain how the idea that temperature sensing by ion channels is due to the channel undergoing structural rearrangements leading to channel opening was disproved by Nilius et al 61. Explain how the idea that temperature sensing by ion channels is due to channels sensing temperature-dependent lipid bilayer rearrangement was disproved by Nilius et al 2. Explain the properties of TRPM8 channel 63. Explain the properties of TRPV1 channel 64. Explain the principle of temperature sensing by ion channels. 65. Describe the molecular machinery involved in anterograde vesicle movement 66. Describe the molecular machinery involved in retrograde vesicle movement 67. Give examples of cellular movement 68. Explain organization of muscle fibers in the muscle 69. Explain organization of a sarcomere and movement of the filaments as the muscle contracts 70. Explain the structure of thin and thick filaments 71. Explain the function of the troponin complex. 72. Explain the cycle of the myosin head when it moves along the thin filament 73. How is synchronized contraction of the myofibrils in the cell achieved? 74. Explain the molecular machinery involved in movement of non-muscular cells along the substrate 75. Explain the structure of growth cones and the role of calcium in responding to attractive and repulsive cues

Answer 1

Ans 51) The chemotrophs are organisms which get their energy by oxidation of the electrons present in the environment. The phototrophs are organisms which gain their energy from solar light.

Ans 52) The main types of biological work are:-

1. Chemical work – It is a work where the larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules or smaller ones aggregate to form the large ones. Eg – the monomers combine to form polymers.
2. Mechanical work – The activities that is performed by different muscles or organs inside our body. Eg – cilia beating
3. Transportation work – It is a process by which the body acts through a co-ordinated signal and helps in transport of important molecules from one place to another. Eg – Movement of proteins.

Ans 53) First Law of Thermodynamics - It is also known as law of conservation of energy which states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

Second Law of Thermodynamics – It states the mass of entropy for any system increases.

Example – The plants convert the sunlight into chemical energy that is present in organic molecules.

Ans 54) The exergonic energy is the one where there is positive energy flow from the system to the surroundings. If the Gibbs free energy is negative, the constant pressure, constant temperature and reactions are also exergonic. The free energy in the system changes because the energy is exiting the system.