Question

Role of the Pancreas

Key:    pancreas                glucagon                              endocrine                           insulin                                  exocrine              Type II diabetes                                          Type I diabetes                                                

________________    is gland located under the stomach that produces insulin and glucagon

The pancreas has an _______________ function to secrete sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes and also an ________________function to secrete insulin and glucagon hormones

_____________ is the only hormone that causes blood sugar levels to lower as it signals cells to take up glucose for their energy source and signals the liver and muscles to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Insulin is released after eating

The hormone _____________ causes blood sugar levels to rise as it causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen back to glucose and puts it into the bloodstream. Glucagon is released between times when we eat as our sugar levels drop.

Role of the adrenal glands:   adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

Key:   adrenocorticotropic           epinephrine                      adrenal medulla              yes         no                           kidneys                                adrenal cortex                 long term                            short term

Adrenal glands lie on top of the _____________   and consist of adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex.

________________ (inner part of adrenal glands) is stimulated by nerve signals. Adrenal medulla acts for ___________________stress by releasing ____________________and norepinephrine to increase heart rate & blood pressure, raise blood sugar levels, opens airways. It is associated with fight or flight.

Is this response good short term?___________ good for long term? ______ Why not? __________________________________________________________________________________     

Hypothalamus sends releasing hormone to anterior pituitary gland so it will secrete ACTH (___________________________hormone) which stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones.

_______________ is the outer part of adrenal gland that is stimulated by ACTH to secrete cortisol (glucocorticoid) which is anti-inflammatory and yield energy via proteins and fats.

This is for _________________stress such as in illness.

Cortisol’s main role is to make glucose available to people in long term stress situations such as illness. How? Cortisol induces liver to make glucose from proteins leading to loss of muscle mass and promotes fat metabolism.     Cortisol long use may break down muscle, reduce immune response, cause inflammation.

What do you think the effects of long term stress are for people? _______________________
___________________________________________________________________________    

_________________ (mineralcorticoid) is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex to increase blood pressure. Aldosterone increases Na⁺ ions in blood by promoting kidney reabsorption of Na⁺.

4. Explain the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitis.

A person has the disease ___________________if he does not make insulin and must take insulin. The part of the pancreas that makes insulin has been destroyed in an autoimmune process

A person has the disease ____________________if he does not make enough insulin or the insulin receptors are faulty. Person may need insulin but can be helped by diet and exercise

Answer 1

Please find the answer below:

Pancreas is gland located under the stomach that produces insulin and glucagon

The pancreas has an exocrine function to secrete sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes and also an endocrine function to secrete insulin and glucagon hormones

Insulin is the only hormone that causes blood sugar levels to lower as it signals cells to take up glucose for their energy source and signals the liver and muscles to take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Insulin is released after eating

The hormone glucagon causes blood sugar levels to rise as it causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen back to glucose and puts it into the bloodstream. Glucagon is released between times when we eat as our sugar levels drop.

Role of the adrenal glands:   adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

Adrenal glands lie on top of the kidneys and consist of adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex.

Adrenal medulla (inner part of adrenal glands) is stimulated by nerve signals. Adrenal medulla acts for short term stress by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase heart rate & blood pressure, raise blood sugar levels, opens airways. It is associated with fight or flight.

Is this response good short term? yes good for long term? no Why not? When this type of stress response stays long term, there is overexposure of the body to cortisol, which can disrupt the body's normal processes and may cause anxiety, headaches, digestive problems, depresion, sleep problems, heart disease, and weight gain  

Hypothalamus sends releasing a hormone to anterior pituitary gland so it will secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) which stimulate es adrenal cortex to release hormones.

Adrenal cortex is the outer part of the adrenal gland that is stimulated by ACTH to secrete cortisol (glucocorticoid) which is anti-inflammatory and yield energy via proteins and fats.

This is for long term stress such as in illness.

Cortisol’s main role is to make glucose available to people in long term stress situations such as illness. How? Cortisol induces liver to make glucose from proteins leading to loss of muscle mass and promotes fat metabolism.     Cortisol long use may break down muscle, reduce immune response, cause inflammation.

What do you think the effects of long term stress are for people? Long term stress can lead to several serious health issues which includes anxiety, heart disease, hypertension, obesity, gastrointestinal problems, stroke, depression, and heart attacks.

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex to increase blood pressure. Aldosterone increases Na⁺ ions in blood by promoting kidney reabsorption of Na⁺.

4. Explain the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitis.

A person has the disease type 1 diabetes mellitus if he does not make insulin and must take insulin. The part of the pancreas that makes insulin has been destroyed in an autoimmune process

A person has the disease type 2 diabetes mellitus if he does not make enough insulin or the insulin receptors are faulty. Person may need insulin but can be helped by diet and exercise