Question

1. ATP synthase enzymes are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. What does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles to prokaryotes? How might the amino acid sequences of the ATP synthases from the different sources support or refute your hypothesis?
2. Cyanide is an organic molecule containing a cyano group (carbon with a triple covalent bond to nitrogen). Cyanide binds to Complex IV (the last protein complex) of the ETC. What do you think this binding does to the complex and how do you think this binding makes cyanide fatal?
3. In an experiment, isolated chloroplasts were first made acidic by soaking them in a solution at pH 4. After the thylakoid inner space reached a pH 4, the chloroplasts were transferred to a basic solution at pH 8. The chloroplasts then made ATP in the dark. Explain this result.
4. Analysis of preserved leaves shows that the density of stomata per unit area of leaf has decreased over the past 200 years. Suggest a hypothesis for this decrease?

Answer 1

1. if they would have different amino acids it means they have different ancestors and if they had ATP synthase then it indicates that they have common ancestors.

2. The cyanide particle, CN, ties to the iron molecule in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria of the cells and goes about as an irreversible compound inhibitor. This counteracts cytochrome C oxidase from doing what it needs to do, which is to send electrons to oxygen in the electron transport chain of aerobic cellular respiration

3. ATP synthesis is driven by proton motive force.

4. Plants in the shade have a more prominent stomatal thickness or density since all pieces of the leaf are not hit with sunlight.

Leaves of trees developing in shade ought to have a more prominent stomatal density than leaves in direct daylight. The more light entering the leaf the more chlorophyll is available