16. Outline the two main ways by which the complement cascade can be activated and describe...
16. Outline the two main ways by which the complement cascade can be activated and describe the effector functions that can ultimately result from this activation.
Homework Answers
The complement system is a set of over 20 different protein molecules always found in the blood.
The complement system can be activated in two main ways. The first means of activation is part of the innate immune response. (i.e.; neither antibodies nor T cell receptors are involved.)
The second and most potent means occurs in a specific immune response when antibodies (IgG or IgM) binds to antigen at the surface of a cell. This exposes the Fc region of the antibody in a way that allows the first complement protein (C1) to bind.
The end result of this complement activation cascade is stimulation of phagocytes to clear foreign and damaged material, inflammation to attract additional phagocytes, and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex. Over 30 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including serum proteins, and cell membrane receptors. They account for about 10% of the globulin fraction of blood serum.
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