Question

QUESTION 1

Indications that an infant is getting enough food are

		six to eight wet diapers/day.
		one bowel movement/day.
		infant is alert and happy.
		any of the above.

QUESTION 2

The recommendation for folic acid is

		about 400 micrograms/day.
		necessary to prevent neural tube defects.
		lower than the RDA.
		a and b.

QUESTION 3

Cow's milk can be given after what age?

QUESTION 4

The risk associated with teenage pregnancy is a

		low-birthweight infant.
		high-birthweight infant.
		low incidence of miscarriage.
		high incidence of gestational diabetes.

QUESTION 5

The recommended order of introducing fruits and vegetables to infants

		doesn't seem to matter.
		is fruits then vegetables.
		is vegetables then fruits.
		is to mix them together at the same meal.

QUESTION 6

Stress in the mother who breastfeeds has been shown to

		inhibit the quality of milk produced.
		cause greater milk production.
		inhibit the let-down reflex.
		cause weight loss in the infant.

QUESTION 7

Compared to breast feeding women, formula feeding women

		have identical nutrient needs.
		have fewer nutrient needs.
		need more water.
		need less water.

QUESTION 8

Supplementation of folic acid is known to prevent

		eclampsia in pregnant women.
		gestational diabetes in pregnant women.
		spina bifida and other neural tube defects.
		pregnancy-induced hypertension.

QUESTION 9

Breastfed infants need an additional iron source

		after they've been weaned.
		at about six months.
		at three months.
		they don't - they get enough iron from breast milk.

QUESTION 10

A woman who is not breastfeeding

		has the same nutrient requirements as non-lactating women.
		needs more nutrients than non-lactating women.
		has the same nutrient requirements as lactating women.
		has a greater need for water than lactating women.

Answer 1

1) BEFORE WE START NOTE THAT INFANCY IS THE PERIOD UPTO 1YR OF AGE

INDICATIONS THAT SAY THAT A BABY IS GETTING ENOUGH FOOD ARE

* DAY 1 AFTER BIRTH

- your baby will receive approximately half a teaspoon of colostrum er feed in the first 24 hours

-your baby will pass meconium (sticky black bowel motion) and have one wet nappy.

* DAY TWO AFTER BIRTH

- your baby will receive approximately one tea spoon of colostrum per feed

- bowel motions are soft green/black and your baby should have two wet nappies.

* DAY THREE AFTER BIRTH

- your baby will feed at least six to eight times(or more) in a 24 hour period as breast milk is easily digested

- bowel motions change to greenish brown colour, are less sticky and your baby should have at least three wet nappies.

* DAY FOUR TO SEVEN AFTER BIRTH

- your baby will feed 8-12 times in a 24 -hour period

- bowel motions- at least two to three per day,they will change from lighter greenish brown to yellowish mustard in colour and can be watery or seedy.your baby will have five to six wet nappies per day.

* DAY SEVEN AND BEYOND

- your baby is receiving enough breast milk if they have five to six wet disposable nappies per day.(or six to eight wet cloth nappies ) and their urine is pale in colour.

2) FOLIC ACID RECOMMENDATIONS

FOLIC ACID OR FOLATE, IS THE CHEMICAL NAME OF VITAMIN B9

- all women of reproductive age group should get 400 micrograms(mcg) of folic acid each day, in addition to consuming food    with folate from a varied diet ,to help prevent neural tube defects(NTDs). NTDs are major birth defects of babys brain (anencephaly) and spine(spine bifida).

- according to US preventive services task force(USPSTF) all women planning or capable of pregnancy take a daily supplement containing 0.4 to 0.8mg of folic acid.

- women who have already had an NTD affected pregnancy should consume 400mcg of folic acid each day even when not planning to become pregnant.CDC recommeds that these women consume 4,000mcg of folic acid each day one month before becoming pregnant and through the 1st 3 months of pregnancy.

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE(RDA)

for adults - 400mcg

adult women planning for pregnancy -400 to 800mcg

3) dairy whole milk is not recommended for babies under 12 months of age.

infants fed whole cows milk receive inadequate amounts of vitamin E ,iron,essentil fatty acid,and excessive amount of protein,sodium and potassium.these levels may be too high for the infants system to handle.

so cows milk should be fed only after 1 yr age.

4)RISK ASSOSIATED WITH TEENAGE PREGNANCY IS

- low birth weight or premature birth

-anaemia

-high blood pressure

-high rate of infant mortality rate

cephalopelvic disproportion.

*teens in general have a higher risk of preterm birth ,which leads to low birth weight.

*gestational diabetes is established risk factor of adverse infant health outcomes,including fetal macrsomia,birth trauma,neonatal hypoglycemia and fetal death.

*the hallmark of gestational diabetes is increased insulin resistance to pregnancy hormones.it is common during 3rd trimester of pregnancy and generally resolve once baby is born but can cause complication during pregnancy and birth .

5) the order of food introduction doesnt matter

-according to AAP-babies are born with preference for sweets,and the order of introducing food doesnt matter.

6) stress can certainly slow the flow.oxytoxin a hormone released into bloodstream when you nurse have calming effect.so the mom become more relaxed and thus as long as mother feds her child stree isnt likely to stop milk production.

7)in breast mil nutrition is well balanced but in formula milk the milk is not as efficiently utilized/absorbed as breast milk.some babies have difficulty tolerating certain nutrients in formula milk.in addition formula does not contain immnoglobulin.

- breast feed babies do not need extra water but formula fed babies require more water.formula fed babies shoud be given sips of water from 6 months of age when solid foods are introduced.