Question

1-Which of the following alternative explanations should be ruled in order to consider a study valid?

a-Bias

b-Confounding

c-Random error

d-All of the above

2-Which of the following defines confounding?

a-An error committed by the investigator either in the design or conduct of study that leads to a false association between the exposure and disease

b-A natural mixing of effects between an exposure, an outcome, and a third extraneous variable

c-A result of false association between the exposure and disease that arises from chance

d-A lack of random error or the state or quality of being exact

3-Which of the following methods of controlling confounding describes randomization?

a-The investigator limits admission into a study to individuals who fall within a specific category of a confounder

b-The process of assigning subjects in such a way that everyone in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment or comparison group

c-The process of evaluating the association within homogenous categories of a confounder

d-A process of making the distribution of confounders identical in the compared groups while selecting the study subjects

4-Which of the following methods of controlling describes restriction?

a-The investigator limits admission into a study to individuals who fall within a specific category of a confounder

b-The process of assigning subjects in such a way that everyone in the study has an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment or comparison group

c-The process of evaluating the association within homogenous categories of a confounder

d-A process of making the distribution of confounders identical in the compared groups while selecting the study subjects

Answer 1

(1)

In this question option (d) is the correct answer.

(2)

In this question option (b) is the correct answer.

(3)

In this question option (b) is the correct answer.

(4)

In this question option (a) is the correct answer.

I think all questions are definition type.so there are no need to explanation.if you find any doubt then comment below.i will definitely explain them.