Question

b. Compare the benefits and limitations of using model organisms to study human genes and human genetic diseases. Identify specific cases where insights from model organisms have provided crucial insights into human disease

c. Defend the assertion that genetic testing will play a central role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the future

Answer 1

b. A model organism is a species that has been widely studied, usually because it is easy to maintain and breed in a laboratory setting and has particular experimental advantages.

They may have particularly robust embryos that are easily studied and manipulated in the lab, this is useful for scientists studying development. They occupy a pivotal position in the evolutionary tree, this is useful for scientists studying evolution. Some have a very short generation time, which is the time between being born and being able to reproduce, so several generations can be followed at once. Mutants allow scientists to study certain characteristics or diseases. These are model organisms that have undergone a change or mutation^? in their DNA^? that may result in a change in a certain characteristic. Some model organisms have similar genes^? or similar-sized genomes^? to humans.

Model organisms can be used to create highly detailed genetic maps:

• Genetic maps are a visual representation of the location of different genes on a chromosome, a bit like a real map but one where the key landmarks are areas of interest in the genome.
• For example, areas of DNA that differ between individuals in the same species (SNPs) or genes.

c. Genetic testing helps estimate your chance of developing cancer in your lifetime. It does this by searching for specific changes in your genes, chromosomes, or proteins. These changes are called mutations. Genetic tests are available for some types of cancer like Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, kidney cancer, stomach cancer.

• A personal or family history suggests a genetic cause of cancer.

• A test will clearly show a specific genetic change.

• The results will help with diagnosis or management of a condition. For example, you may take steps to lower your risk. Steps may include surgery, medication, frequent screening, or lifestyle changes.