Question

The ability of computers to perform complex tasks is built on combining simple commands into control structures. Of these control structures, blocks, while loop, the do..while loop, and the for loop.  

A block is the simplest type of structured statement. Its purpose is simply to group a sequence of statements into a single statement. The format of a block is:

{

}

Here are two examples of blocks:

{

System.out.print("The answer is ");

System.out.println(ans);

}

// This block exchanges the values of x and y

{

int temp; // A temporary variable for use in this block.

temp = x; // Save a copy of the value of x in temp.

x = y; // Copy the value of y into x.

y = temp; // Copy the value of temp into y.

}

A while loop is used to repeat a given statement over and over. Of course, it’s not likely that you would want to keep repeating it forever. That would be an infinite loop, something programmers typically try to avoid!

To be more specific, a while loop will repeat a statement over and over, but only so long as a specified condition remains true. A while loop has the form:

while ()

Since the statement can be, and usually is, a block, many while loops have the form:

while ()

{

}

The semantics of the while statement go like this:

When the computer comes to a while statement, it evaluates the , which yields either true or false as its value.If the value is false, the computer skips over the rest of the while loop and proceeds to the next command in the program.

If the value of the expression is true, the computer executes the or block of inside the loop.

Then it returns to the beginning of the while loop and repeats the process. That is, it re-evaluates the , ends the loop if the value is false, and continues it if the value is true. This will continue over and over until the value of the expression is false; if that never happens, then there will be an infinite loop.

Here is an example of a while loop that simply prints out the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5:

int number; // The number to be printed.

number = 1; // Start with 1.

while ( number < 6 ) { // Keep going as long as number is < 6.

System.out.println(number);

number = number + 1; // Go on to the next number.

}

System.out.println("Done!");

A do..while statement is very similar to the while statement, except that the word “while,” along with the condition that it tests,has been moved to the end. The word “do” is added to mark the beginning of the loop. A do..while statement has the form

do while ( );

or, since, as usual, the can be a block,

do {

} while ( );

Note the semicolon, ’;’, at the very end. This semicolon is part of the statement, just as the semicolon at the end of an assignment statement or declaration is part of the statement.

Omitting it is a syntax error. (More generally, every statement in Java ends either with a semicolon or a right brace, ’}’.)

A for loop is executed in exactly the same way as the while loop:

The initialization part is executed once, before the loop begins. The continuation condition is executed before each execution of the loop, and the loop ends when this condition is false. The update part is executed at the end of each execution of the loop, just before jumping back to check the condition.

The formal syntax of the for statement is as follows:

for ( ; ; )

or, using a block statement:

for ( ; ; )

{

}

Here is a simple example, in which the numbers 1, 2, . . . , 10 are displayed on standard output:

for ( N = 1 ; N <= 10 ; N++ ) System.out.println( N );

It’s easy to count down from 10 to 1 instead of counting up. Just start with 10, decrement the loop control variable instead of incrementing it, and continue as long as the variable is greater than or equal to one:

for ( N = 10 ; N >= 1 ; N-- )System.out.println( N );

From your learning of the block, the while loop, the do..while loop, the for loop control structures, discuss with the class, with example(s), these control structure loops and branches, and how control structures loops can be used to repeat a sequence of statements along with the suitable selection control structure that allows to take into account the control of the flow of its execution.

(Just need 200 words about whats in bold)

Answer 1

Loops in Java

Looping in programming languages is a feature which facilitates the execution of a set of instructions/functions repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true.
Java provides three ways for executing the loops. While all the ways provide similar basic functionality, they differ in their syntax and condition checking time.

1. while loop: A while loop is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given Boolean condition. The while loop can be thought of as a repeating if statement.
   Syntax :

   while (boolean condition)
   {
      loop statements...
   }
   

   Flowchart:
   

   • While loop starts with the checking of condition. If it evaluated to true, then the loop body statements are executed otherwise first statement following the loop is executed. For this reason it is also called Entry control loop
   • Once the condition is evaluated to true, the statements in the loop body are executed. Normally the statements contain an update value for the variable being processed for the next iteration.
   • When the condition becomes false, the loop terminates which marks the end of its life cycle.
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   // Java program to illustrate while loop class whileLoopDemo {     public static void main(String args[])     {         int x = 1;            // Exit when x becomes greater than 4         while (x <= 4)         {             System.out.println("Value of x:" + x);                // Increment the value of x for             // next iteration             x++;         }     } }

   Output:

   Value of x:1
   Value of x:2
   Value of x:3
   Value of x:4
   

2. for loop: for loop provides a concise way of writing the loop structure. Unlike a while loop, a for statement consumes the initialization, condition and increment/decrement in one line thereby providing a shorter, easy to debug structure of looping.
   Syntax:

   for (initialization condition; testing condition; 
                                 increment/decrement)
   {
       statement(s)
   }
   

   Flowchart:
   

   1. Initialization condition: Here, we initialize the variable in use. It marks the start of a for loop. An already declared variable can be used or a variable can be declared, local to loop only.
   2. Testing Condition: It is used for testing the exit condition for a loop. It must return a boolean value. It is also an Entry Control Loop as the condition is checked prior to the execution of the loop statements.
   3. Statement execution: Once the condition is evaluated to true, the statements in the loop body are executed.
   4. Increment/ Decrement: It is used for updating the variable for next iteration.
   5. Loop termination:When the condition becomes false, the loop terminates marking the end of its life cycle.
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   // Java program to illustrate for loop. class forLoopDemo {     public static void main(String args[])     {         // for loop begins when x=2         // and runs till x <=4         for (int x = 2; x <= 4; x++)             System.out.println("Value of x:" + x);     } }

   Output:

   Value of x:2
   Value of x:3
   Value of x:4
   

   Enhanced For loop

   Java also includes another version of for loop introduced in Java 5. Enhanced for loop provides a simpler way to iterate through the elements of a collection or array. It is inflexible and should be used only when there is a need to iterate through the elements in sequential manner without knowing the index of currently processed element.
   Also note that the object/variable is immutable when enhanced for loop is used i.e it ensures that the values in the array can not be modified, so it can be said as read only loop where you can’t update the values as opposite to other loops where values can be modified.
   We recommend using this form of the for statement instead of the general form whenever possible.(as per JAVA doc.)
   Syntax:

   for (T element:Collection obj/array)
   {
       statement(s)
   }
   

   Lets take an example to demonstrate how enhanced for loop can be used to simpify the work. Suppose there is an array of names and we want to print all the names in that array. Let’s see the difference with these two examples
   Enhanced for loop simplifies the work as follows-

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   // Java program to illustrate enhanced for loop public class enhancedforloop {     public static void main(String args[])     {         String array[] = {"Ron", "Harry", "Hermoine"};            //enhanced for loop         for (String x:array)         {             System.out.println(x);         }            /* for loop for same function         for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)         {             System.out.println(array[i]);         }         */     } }

   Output:

   Ron
   Harry
   Hermoine
   

3. do while: do while loop is similar to while loop with only difference that it checks for condition after executing the statements, and therefore is an example of Exit Control Loop.
   Syntax:

   do
   {
       statements..
   }
   while (condition);
   

   Flowchart:
   

   1. do while loop starts with the execution of the statement(s). There is no checking of any condition for the first time.
   2. After the execution of the statements, and update of the variable value, the condition is checked for true or false value. If it is evaluated to true, next iteration of loop starts.
   3. When the condition becomes false, the loop terminates which marks the end of its life cycle.
   4. It is important to note that the do-while loop will execute its statements atleast once before any condition is checked, and therefore is an example of exit control loop.
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   // Java program to illustrate do-while loop class dowhileloopDemo {     public static void main(String args[])     {         int x = 21;         do         {             // The line will be printed even             // if the condition is false             System.out.println("Value of x:" + x);             x++;         }         while (x < 20);     } }

   Output:

   Value of x: 21
   

Pitfalls of Loops

1. Infinite loop: One of the most common mistakes while implementing any sort of looping is that that it may not ever exit, that is the loop runs for infinite time. This happens when the condition fails for some reason.
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   //Java program to illustrate various pitfalls. public class LooppitfallsDemo {     public static void main(String[] args)     {            // infinite loop because condition is not apt         // condition should have been i>0.         for (int i = 5; i != 0; i -= 2)         {             System.out.println(i);         }         int x = 5;            // infinite loop because update statement         // is not provided.         while (x == 5)         {             System.out.println("In the loop");         }     } }

2. Another pitfall is that you might be adding something into you collection object through loop and you can run out of memory. If you try and execute the below program, after some time, out of memory exception will be thrown.filter_none

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   //Java program for out of memory exception. import java.util.ArrayList; public class Integer1 {     public static void main(String[] args)     {         ArrayList<Integer> ar = new ArrayList<>();         for (int i = 0; i < Integer.MAX_VALUE; i++)         {             ar.add(i);         }     } }

   Output:

   Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
   at java.util.Arrays.copyOf(Unknown Source)
   at java.util.Arrays.copyOf(Unknown Source)
   at java.util.ArrayList.grow(Unknown Source)
   at java.util.ArrayList.ensureCapacityInternal(Unknown Source)
   at java.util.ArrayList.add(Unknown Source)
   at article.Integer1.main(Integer1.java:9)

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