Question

I need a research outline for my topic: The impact of heat stress on the immune system in dairy cattle.

Answer 1

The impact of heat stress on the immune system in dairy cattle

Heat stress tremendously effect dairy cattle's in both productivity and in health . It generally suppress the innate immune function in both dry and the lactating dairy cattle's.

Immune effects that are decreased includes cytokine production,proliferation of immune cells, migration of lymphocytes to the udder and cell viability. thus it results in various clinical diseases such as mastitis and metritis.

In absence of active cooling , exposure to high temperatures & humidity reduces the dry intake during lactation and subsequently declines the milk yield .

Under heat stress, cattle's consumes less feed and thus they produce less milk.

In general , heat stress reduces the cattle's immune competence and interface of the endocrine . When temperature rises , cattle's experiences significant shifts in endocrine system to accommodate the need to increase heat loss.

Heat stress has direct effect on immune function in cattle's in dry periods & those impacts linger after calving (eg) adaptive immune function measured by the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes, is directly suppressed with exposure to heat stress.

Heat stress can also effect the immune status of developing fetus, with significant carryover effects after birth. These heat stress reduces the calves calves circulating immunoglobulin concentrations.

In order to protect the cattle's from heat stress is in cattle management protocols include vaccination against the various disease causing pathogens, it is important to consider heat abatement as an additional approach to improve health and immune function for cattle's.

Another common method is by cooling the cattle's during the dry period is consistent with that of lactation cooling that is providing the proper shades, fans, and soakers to provide active cooling .

Feeding the cows with immunomodulatory compounds which can reduce the temperature and respiration rates in heat stressed cattle's.

Ingredients that improves the skin surface exchange of heat through vasodilation , such as niacin.