Question

In *ONLY* 15 words or less, state the method the authors used for “developing" the items on the Grit survey?

Study 1 Study 1 was a cross-sectional study for which the major purpose was to develop and validate a self-report measure of grit in a large sample of adults aged 25 years or older. The predictive validity of grit was assessed by its association with higher levels of lifetime schooling among individuals of identical age sity (e.g., "I have overcome setbacks to conquer an important challenge," "I finish whatever I begin"). We also considered that some people sustain effort not because of subjective interest but rather because they are afraid of change, compliant with the expectations of others, or unaware of alternative options. Thus, several Grit Scale items ask about the consistency of interests over time. For example, two reverse-scored items were "My interests change from year to year" and "I have difficulty maintaining my focus on projects that take more than a few months to complete." The broad age range of the adults in Study 1 allowed us to venture a second question: Does grit grow with age? Although personality traits are by definition relatively stable over time, Big Five Conscientiousness and stability of vocational interests both increase over the life span (McCrae et al., 1999; Srivastava, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2003; Swanson, 1999). Thus, we expected older adults to be slightly higher in grit than younger individuals. Items are rate very much like me d on a 5-point scale from 1not at all like me to 5 We considered item-total correlations, internal reliability coef- ficients, redundancy, and simplicity of vocabulary to eliminate 10 tems. On the remaining17 items, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis on half of the observations chosen at random (n - 772). We sought a solution that satisfied tests for number of factors Meth Participants and procedure. Beginning in April 2004, we set (e.g., R. B. Cattell's scree test), retained 5 or more items with up a link on the www.authentichappiness.org website inviting loadings of at least 40, yielded internally consistent factors that visitors to help validate the Grit Scale. This noncommercial, public made psychological sense, and best approximated simple structure. website provides free information about psychology research and A two-factor oblique solution with promax rotation satisfied these access to a variety of self-report measures to over 500,000 regis- criteria. See Table for the 12 retained items and corrected tered users. All participants indicated how old they were (25 to 34 item-total correlations with each item's respective factor. We years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years, and 65 years considered the possibility that these two factors were an artifact of and older) and their level of education (some high school, high posely and negatively scored items but were convinced that the school graduate, some college, Associate's degree, Bachelor's factor structure reflected two conceptually distinct dimensions degree, or postcollege graduate degree). By October 2005, weThe first factor contained 6 items indicating consistency of inter- collected data on 1,545 participants aged 25 and older (M 45 ests, and the second factor contained 6 items indicating persever ance of effort. Because we expected that stamina in the dimensions years; 73% women, 27% men) Development of the Grit Scale. We began by generating a pool of 27 items tapping the construct of grit. Our overarching goal for scale development was to capture the attitudes and behaviors of interest and effort would be correlated, we accepted t solution in which the two factors were correlated at r .45 To test the integrity of the final two-factor solution, we con- characteristic of the high-achieving individuals described to us in firmed that the specificity of each factor (i.e., the portion of reliable variance not shared by the other factor) was larger than the early, exploratory interviews with lawyers, businesspeople, aca demics, and other professionals. We intentionally wrote items that would be face valid for both adolescents and adults and that did not specify a particular life domain (e.g., work, school). We included items that tapped the ability to sustain effort in the face of adver error variance for that factor. Further, confirmatory factor analys with the remaining 773 observations in our sample supported this two-factor solution (comparative fit index = .83 and root-mean ). The resulting 12-item Grit square error of approximation

Answer 1

Here is the mothodology followed in less than 15 words.

Inviting visitors to opensource website to validate Grit scale characteristics