Question

nces Mailings Review View Help Acrobat Be able to recall the following intormation from memory. Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism What are the organs of digestion? What is the function of each of the digestive system, including the accessory organs? What are the parts of the small intestine (and lengths) and large intestine? What is the definition of peristalsis, segmentation? What muscles are involved in mechanical digestion? What are the sphincter locations, functions and names? Test What is the function and location of the epiglottis? What Gl organs secrete enzymes used in digestion, what is the name and function of each of those enzymes? What are the hormones and their functions used in digestion, particularly gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin. What is the function of the following chemical compounds and what Gl organs are they secreted from; HCL, bicarbonate, saliva, mucus What are the benefits of bacteria in the large intestine (colon)? What Gl organs are nutrients absorbed from? If specific nutrients, compounds were mentioned know where these are specifically absorbed from What are the potential causes and treatments for nutrition related diseases of the gastrointestinal tract? hydrates classified? botarption is used for the destion, organ produced in. Carbohydrates How are carbohydrates classified? What enzymes are required for carbohydrate digestion, organ produced in, organ secreted into and their functions? know what type of absorption is used for the each monosaccharide. know what form carbohydrates are absorbed and where they go post absorption. Know the cause and treatment of lactose intolerance. Know the benefits of eating fiber and the food sources of soluble and insoluble fiber, which type is digested by bacteria. For alternative sweeteners know the organization approving them, the benefits, what the ADI indicates, and the chemical structure and product name of aspartame and sucralose Know the hormones involved and how they control blood glucose levels. Know the functions of glucose in the body. know what forms glucose can be converted to for storage in the body. know what causes ketosis. Know the recommended minimum intake of carbohydrates and fiber. Know the USDA recommendation for added sugar intake. know what macronutrient is lost when whole grain flour is processed to white flour Know the causes and treatments of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Know the relationship between sugar intake dental cavities, and hyperactivity Understand what Glycemic index/load is measuring Know the names and function of the two hormone involved in raising or lowering blood glucose levels. Know the grams of carbohydrate for each group in the Choose Your Foods handbook Focus A f. e

Answer 1

Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism.

1) The organs of digestion are stomach, small intestine, large intestine, esophagus, liver, pancreas, mouth, gall bladder and salivary gland.

2) Mouth breaks up the food particles. Salivary gland helps in the lubrication of food and digestion of starch. Esophagus helps in the the transportation of food. Stomach helps in the storage of food, digestion of proteins and limited absorption. Small intestine helps in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Pancreas helps in the regulation of blood glucose levels and also helps in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Large intestine helps in the reabsorption of water, ions and vitamins. Liver helps in the production of bile juice. Gall bladder stores the bile juice.

3) The parts of small intestine are :-

• Duodenum : length 20 cm to 25 cm
• Jejunum : length about 2.5 m
• Ileum : length about 3 m

The parts of large intestine are :-

• Caecum
• Colon : length about 160 cm. Divided into ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon.
• Rectum

​​​​​​​4) Peristalsis is the wave like movements along the alimentary canal caused due to rhythmic involuntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles of its wall.

Segmentation is the process of mixing the food contents in the digestive tract to create a more uniform mixture throughout caused due to contraction of circular muscles.

5) Muscles involved in the mechanical digestion are circular muscles and longitudinal muscles of the wall of digestive tract.

6) The sphincters found in the digestive tract are :-

• Upper esophageal sphincter : located at the lower end of pharynx and it guards the entrance into esophagus.
• Cardiac sphincter or lower esophageal sphincter : located at the base of esophagus where it meets the stomach. It prevents the backward flow of food material into esophagus.
• Pyloric sphincter : located at the junction of stomach and small intestine. It regulates the release of chyme into small intestine.
• Ileocaecal sphincter : located at the junction of Ileum and Caecum. It guards the opening between Ileum and Caecum.
• Anal sphincters : located at the opening of anus. The involuntary anal sphincter produces the urge to defecate while the voluntary anal sphincter is responsible for defecating and expelling the faeces.

​​​​​​​7) Epiglottis is located behind the tongue and the hyoid bone.

It prevents the entry of food into the wind pipe and lungs.

8) Salivary glands, stomach, small intestine and pancreas are the main organs which secretes major enzymes of digestive system.

The different classes of digestive enzymes are :-

• Amylases : helps into splitting of carbohydrates such as starch and sugars into simple sugars.
• Lipases : helps in the digestion of fat.
• Proteases and peptidases : helps in the splitting of proteins.
• Nucleases : helps in the splitting of nucleic acids into nucleotides.

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