The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics forms the basis for the definition of temperature with re...
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics forms the basis for the definition of temperature with regard to thermal energy. But the concept of temperature is used in other areas of physics. In a system with energy levels, such as electrons in an atom or protons in a magnetic field, the population of a level with energy E is proportional to the factor 
where T is the absolute temperature of the system and k B = 1.381 • 10−23 J/K is Boltzmann’s constant. In a two-level system with the levels’ energies differing by ∆ E , the ratio of the populations of the higher-energy and lower-energy levels is P high / P low =
Such a system can have an infinite or even negative absolute temperature. Explain the meaning of such temperatures.
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