Question

Differentiate between Persistent Depressive Disorder and Depression. What is your treatment plan?

Answer 1

Persistent depressive disorder	Depression
Persistent depressive disorder, known as dysthymia or low-grade depression, is less severe than major depression but more chronic.	Depression (major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder.
Definition Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a serious and disabling disorder that shares many symptoms with other forms of clinical depression. It is generally experienced as a less severe but more chronic form of major depression.	Definition Depression is an illness marked by feelings of sadness, worthlessness, or hopelessness, as well as problems concentrating and remembering details. It is highly sever form.
Symptoms Poor appetite or overeating Sleep disturbances Low energy or fatigue Low self-esteem Poor concentration Feelings of hopelessness	Symptoms Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood Feelings of hopelessness, or pessimism Irritability Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities Decreased energy or fatigue Moving or talking more slowly Feeling restless or having trouble sitting still Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions Difficulty sleeping, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping Appetite and/or weight changes Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause and/or that do not ease even with treatment
Risk factors Children are at higher risk of developing persistent depressive disorder if they have a first-degree relative with the disorder. Other risk factors are temperamental (negative affectivity) and environmental, such as the loss of a parent or sibling. Ethiology Although its exact cause is unknown Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) appears to have its roots in a combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental and psychological factors. Stress is believed to impair one's ability to regulate mood and prevent mild sadness from deepening and persisting. Social circumstances, particularly isolation and the unavailability of social support, also contribute to the development of PDD. In addition, trauma, loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or any stressful situation may trigger a depressive episode. In old age, PDD is more likely to be the result of medical illness, cognitive decline, bereavement, and physical disability.	Risk factors Personal or family history of depression Major life changes, trauma, or stress Certain physical illnesses and medications Ethiology Depression can happen at any age, but often begins in adulthood. Life events: These include bereavement, divorce, work issues, relationships with friends and family, financial problems, medical concerns, or acute stress. Personality: Those with less successful coping strategies, or previous life trauma are more suceptible. Genetic factors: Having a first-degree relatives with depression increases the risk. Childhood trauma. Some prescription drugs: These include corticosteroids, some beta-blockers, interferon, and other prescription drugs. Abuse of recreational drugs: Abuse of alcohol, amphetamines, and other drugs are strongly linked to depression. A past head injury. Having had one episode of major depression: This increases the risk of a subsequent one. Chronic pain syndromes: These and other chronic conditions, such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease make depression more likely.
Treatment plan	Treatment Plan
Medications Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)	Antidepressant medications selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) tricyclic antidepressants atypical antidepressants selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)
Therapies Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is a general term for treating depression by talking about your condition and related issues with a mental health provider. Psychotherapy is also known as talk therapy or psychological counseling. Electro convulsive therapy is not provide in case of persistent depressive disorder.	Therapies Aerobic exercise may help against mild depression since it raises endorphin levels and stimulates the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which is related to mood. Psychotherapies Several types of psychotherapy (also called “talk therapy” or, in a less specific form, counseling) can help people with depression. If medications do not reduce the symptoms of depression, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be an option to explore. Electroconvulsive therapy can be an effective treatment for depression. In some severe cases where a rapid response is necessary or medications cannot be used safely, ECT can even be a first-line intervention.