Question

5) a)i)Constructa diagram of glucose regulation in negative feedback mechanism.(5marks) li)Sketch the pathway of air in the human respiratory system.(5marks) lii)Analyse air and water as respiratory medium in gas exchange (5 marks) Iv)illustrate labelled phases of an action potential.(5marks) b))Sketch the differences between contracted and relaxed sarcome of muscle. (5 marks) li)Prepare a labelled diagram of longitudinal section for both xylem and phloem in plant (5marks) lii)illustrate the mechanism of autocrine and paracrine signaling. (5marks) Iv)illustrate with a labelled diagram the sarcome structure structure during relaxation structure during relaxation and contraction. (5marks) c))illustrate a labelled diagram of plant root tips and its main parts. (5 marks) li)Sketch a labelled diagram which explain how Auxin affects phototropism towards plant shoot (5marks) lil)Explain with the aid of diagram the osmoregulation of fish in hyperosmotic condition. (5marks) Iv)illustrate the labelled structure of mammalian respiratory system. (5marks)

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Answer 1

a) i) High blood sugar stimulates the release of insulin that stimulates glycogen formation in the liver from glucose and lowers blood sugar. Again, the release of insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from blood thus lowering blood sugar. On the low blood sugar promotes glucagon release from the pancreas which stimulates glycogen breakdown from glucose and raises blood sugars.

b) i) In a relaxed muscle, there is a prominent presence of H-zone, a light band at the center of A band. The A band is the dark band on the myofibril and the light band present on the myofibril is called I-band. Length of A band does not change during contraction while I-band shortens during contraction of muscle fiber. H-line becomes narrow during contraction, but Z-line is not affected by contraction. The A-band has both myosin and actin filaments whereas I-band consists of only actin filaments. The part of myofibril between the two successive Z-line is called sarcome. The sarcomere is the structural and functional unit of myofibril. A sarcomere have comprises of a single A-band and half of each adjacent I-band.

c) i) True roots develop from radicle of seed. They have unicellular roots hairs. Different zonation in roots are as follows:

(a) Root cap: At the apex of root a smooth cap shaped structure is present which is called as root cap. It is protective. Multiple root cap is found in aerial roots of srewpine.

(b) Zoner of cell formation or division: The cells of this rtegion are in active state of division and their number increases continuously.

(c) Zone of cell elongation: Maximum growth in the cells occurs in this zone.

(d) Zone of cell maturation: The cells in this region are differentiated into permanent tissues depending upon the functions they have to perform. Root hairs are also present in this zone, which help in the absorption of water.