Question

project introduction about (opening and closing a pipeline) at least 200 word and clear writing .

Answer 1

A pipe or pipeline system can be defined as a tube which is made of metal, plastic, wood, concrete or fiberglass. Pipes are used to carry fluids such as any type of liquids( mostly water), gases, slurries, or fine particles. A piping system is generally consists of certain interconnections, including in-line components such as pipe fittings and flanges. the piping system commonly consits of Pumps, heat exchanges, valves and tanks . Piping systems are the essential part  of our industrial processes and the contribution of piping systems play a crucial role  in an industrialized society.The opening and closing( CONTROLLING ) of a pipeline system is depends upon the type of flow into the system.The primary  design of a piping system is established by the functional requirements of pipeline , that is, transfer of a fluid from one point to another point or destination. The detailed or full design is decided by certain criteria such as type of fluid being transported from one point to another, allowable pressure drop or energy loss in the system , desired velocity or rate of flow, space limitations, and process requirements like free drain or requirement of straight run, stress analysis, temperature of fluid and so on.  

• pipeline fittings
• A fitting is used in pipe systems to connect straight pipe sections, adapt to different sizes or shapes and for other purposes, such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow. the coomon types of fittings are described below
• Elbows – making angle turns in pipeline system
• Nipples – for making close connections.
• Couplings – for connecting two pieces of pipe in a  straight line.
• Unions – an  easy method for dismantling piping.
• Tees and Crosses – for making branch line connections for example  90º.
• Y-bends – for making branch line connections such as  45º.
• Return Bends – for reversing the direction of flow
• Plugs and Caps – for close off open pipe ends or fittings.
• Bushings – for connecting pipes of different sizes
• Reducers – for reducing pipe size

for controlling the pipeline system we can take an exmple of collection of water from a waste treatment plant or from a sump.The entire system consists of a sump that collects  water from multiple floor drains, a wastewater collection tank, and all the interconnected piping system.

there are certain methods to control the flow of the sytem or open and closing of a system.in this case it is done with the help of instrumentation techniques , that measures the flow rates in the pipe, each vessels, pressure at different locations such as at the discharge of the pump, the water levels in the tanks, or a combination of measurements in the system.In addition to this , here certain measurement systems are used to ensure the system is operated safely. the tank level in the wastewater collection tank as the critical measurement and evaluate controlling the system using a bypass control system, and on-off control method, and an automatic control loop.

method 1: controlling of a pipeline system with the help of a bypass control system

In this system a bypass system which consists of a pipeline running from the wastewater collection tank and back to the floor drain sump or to some other suitable location for collecting excess water. The penetration height ( maximum height) of the bypass line establishes the maximum liquid level in the wastewater collection tank. If the flow rate from the sump  exceeds the flow rate of the collection tank , the tank level would  increase up to the penetration height of the bypass pipeline syetem and , after which all excess flow will return back to the floor drain or sump.

for opening or closing these pipes , there are certain types of valves are connected inorder to control the flow in a pipeline system.

Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system ,proceess or pipeline system. They are essential components of a piping system which are commonly used in high flow rate systems in dams ahd hydraelectric project and low pressure systems in our household also.

The different types of valves are gate, globe, plug, ball, butterfly, check, diaphragm, pinch, pressure relief, control valves and so on. each have different functional capabilties. Some valves are self-operated while others manually or with an actuator or pneumatic or hydraulic is operated.the main functions of valves are described below

• Stopping and starting a flow in a system
• Reduce or increase a flow in aprocess
• Controlling the direction of flow
• Regulating a flow or pressure
• Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure   

With the help of these valves the flow can be stopped or controlled. for stoping a flow in a system, firstly with the help of these valves , the pressure of the system is controlled by turning the valve in closed direction . by turning the valve such as ball valve, 90 degree movement valve , as it turn 45degree, the flow rate  is reduced to half. by step by step these flow can be fully stoped. for opening and closing of a pipeline, these types of valves play an important role. for high pressure control system gate valves or butteerfly valves are used..

2 .on or off control of the pipe line sysem

In this method the process is completely stopped or flow is completely blocked with the help of a high level and low level control switches.a control system is connected with this on off system and a high level and low level controller switches are connected with collection tank and sump. if the flow exceeds , the controller sends a signal to the low level switch and it switch off the motor or control the flow of water as is closes the valve. after that the flow is controlled , the valve opens with the help of a controller switch as it send signal from the on off system.

from above these two system, the opening and closing of a pipeline can be understand.