Question

1. In biology, the term "ionic bond" is used differently than in chemistry. A biological "ionic bond" is used to describe the interaction of an R group containing a carboxyl group (–COO^–) with an R group containing an amino group (–NH₃⁺). From this description, what do you understand a biological "ionic bond" to be?

a. van der waals interaction

b. hydrogen bond

c. Electrostatic interaction

d. covalent bond

2. The three dimensional arrangement of alpha helices, beta-sheets and other parts of the polypeptide chain is called

a. primary structure

b. secondary strucutre

c. tertiary structure

d. quaternary structure

3. Multiple polypeptide chains are held together by

a. peptide bond

b. intermolecular forces

4. What holds multiple polypeptides together? (Choose best answer)

a. R groups

b. amino groups

c. carboxylate group

5. Which of the following single-celled organisms is an example of a prokaryote?

a. algae

b. yeast

c. amoeba

d. bacteria

6. Which of the following is an insect most closely related to?

a. tree

b. mushroom

c. fish

d. bacteria

7. In evolutionary history, which was the most ancient divergence?

a. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

b. Birds and reptiles

c. Rats and mice

d. Plants and animals

8. In evolutionary history, which was the most recent divergence?

a. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

b. Birds and reptiles

c. Rats and mice

d. Plants and animals

9. What is the chemical equation for ATP synthesis?

a. ADP + P_i ⟶ ATP + H₂O

b. ATP + H₂O ⟶ ADP + P_i

_c. ADP + H₂O ⟶ ATP + P_i

_d. ATP + P_i ⟶ ADP +H₂O

9. What is glycolysis?]

a. It is the oxidation of three-carbon molecules into carbon dioxide.

b. It is the splitting of six-carbon sugars into three carbon molecules with the synthesis of ATP.

c. It is the transport of electrons to power the synthesis of ATP.

d. It is the synthesis of sugars from carbon dioxide.

10. What chemistry concept describes whether a reaction or process can occur spontaneously?

a. therodynamics

b. kinetics

Answer 1

1. Biological "ionic bond" can be considered as c. Electrostatic interaction.

These are non-covalent bonds formed as a result of charge-charge interactions unlike the distance-dependent Van der waals interaction or hydrogen bond between a hydrogen atom and a hydrogen bond acceptor carrying lone pair of electrons.

2. The three dimensional arrangement of alpha helices, beta-sheets and other parts of the polypeptide chain is called c. tertiary structure.

The arrangement or sequence of amino acids is called primary structure, the alpha helices, beta strands, loops and turns are referred to as secondary structure.While the arrnagement of multiple polypeptide chains via intermolecular interactions or other non-covalent interactions are quartenary structure.

3. Multiple polypeptide chains are held together by b. intermolecular forces.

Peptide bonds hold together two consecutive amino acids in a primary structure.

4. What holds multiple polypeptides together? a. R groups.

The side chains of amino acids engage in intermolecular interactions, which are instrumental for quartenary structure of proteins.

5. Which of the following single-celled organisms is an example of a prokaryote? d. bacteria.

6. Which of the following is an insect most closely related to? a. tree (Tree can harbor a plethora of insects and pests, compared to the rest of the listed choices)

7. In evolutionary history, which was the most ancient divergence? a. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes divergence is very ancient, as this was the milestone event of packaging of the chromosomal DNA into an organelle bounded by membrane, which we now call as the nucleus. In prokaryotes the DNA is not organized inside any organelle.

8. In evolutionary history, which was the most recent divergence? c. Rats and mice.

9. What is the chemical equation for ATP synthesis? a. ADP + P_i ⟶ ATP + H₂O.

Adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate combine to form ATP.

9. What is glycolysis?

b. It is the splitting of six-carbon sugars into three carbon molecules with the synthesis of ATP.

10. What chemistry concept describes whether a reaction or process can occur spontaneously?

a. therodynamics

Kineticsis how slow or fast a reaction may take place. But thermodynamics is about if a reaction is feasible and can occur spontaneously.