Predict how glycogen AND glucose metabolism would change in an individual afflicted with a deficiency in the glycogen branching enzyme, and explain why.
Glycogen branching enzyme catalyzes the last step i glycogen biosythesis.
It connects a short glucosyl chain of about 7 glucosyl chain in an alpha 1,6 - glucoosidic link to a naked peripheral chain of nascent glycogen.
GBE deficiency causes the amylopectin like polysaccharide with less number of branches to get accumulated to while outer chains are longer in nature , which are known as polyglucosan.
Predict how glycogen AND glucose metabolism would change in an individual afflicted with a deficiency in...
Many inborn errors of metabolism are characterized by a change in the amount of glucose and ketone bodies in the bloodstream. Two of these disorders affect liver enzymes; Carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency and glycogen synthase deficiency. Both disorders lead to hypoglycemia but only one is also associated with hypoketotic hypoglycemia. Explain why both disorders lead to hypoglycemia and which disorder would also result in reduced ketone body synthesis.
On Glycogen storage disease, Alex has a deficiency in the enzyme muscle phosphorylase a which leads to high levels of glycogen. Explain why Alex has lower levels of lactate compared to a control after a workout? Be sure to mention what is the purpose of producing lactate in a healthy human.
Question #8 (10 points) - During fasting, explain what happens for carbohydrate metabolism (glycogen synthesis/breakdown; glucose synthesis/breakdown/insulin & glucagon levels)
. Explain why glucose-6-phosphate is the major product from glycogen breakdown in the muscle cell, whereas glucose is a minor product (think debranching enzyme).
Q5. The phosphorylase enzyme, which is involved in breakdown of glycogen to glucose, is controlled by both allosteric mechanisms and posttranslational modification. A) Describe how the T to R transition and activity of glycogen phosphorylase would change under the following conditions: i) high AMP levels and activation of phosphoprotein phosphatase, ii) activation of phosphorylase kinase, ili) activation of phosphorylase kinase and high glucose levels. B) What properties would an uncompetitive inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase have, what would the Lineweaver Burk...
How obesity link with glucose metabolism? (i) What is glucose metabolism? Is it include glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain? Explain the process. (ii) What is the effect of obesity? (iii) How obesity affects metabolism? iv) What is the cause of obesity? (v) Regulation of energy homeostasis and obesity.
Explain the function of the enzyme whose deficiency results in methylmalonic acidemia and how that relates to lipid and amino acid metabolism.
What other macromolecules are involved in glucose metabolism and how this can be beneficial if there is a lack of glucose in the body? Where in the process of metabolism do, they function, under what conditions/environment and why? Describe their role.
During glycogenolysis, muscle cells consume most of the glucose released from the stored glycogen; while liver cells export most of the glucose released from the stored glycogen. Why do the muscles and liver behave so differently and how do you explain this phenomenon?
A drug company attempted to bypass the need for insulin in diabetics by testing a drug that inhibits adenylate cyclase. Discuss the following questions in regard to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. 1. What would a decrease in adenylate cyclase do to glucose metabolism in the liver (explain in detail pathway/enzyme regulation/overall effect)? How would this possibly affect blood sugar? a. b. Will this drug be a success? What is the potential overall effect of this drug in diabetic humans (would energy usage or...