Question

On the same screen of your iPad, or the same side of a sheet of paper, make side-by-side diagrams of a mitochondrion and a chloroplast. The main point in the diagram is to show where major processes occur relative to membranes. Using fine lines (no fat markers) label the diagrams, clearly and precisely, with the locations of: 1) Each membrane 2) Each space (for example, the intermembrane space, the matrix, ...) 3) The H+ gradients (be clear on where high H+ and low H+ are) 4) Major pathways (any pathway that we covered enough that you need to know what goes in, what comes out, energy yield, and location) 5) The ETCs and photosystems 6) ATP synthases, including in which space the ATP is made ►Your goal is to show how mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same and how they are different in a figure,

Answer 1

Answer :

MITOCHONDRIA.

Mitochondria is the power house of all cells, so ATP generation happens inside it. Inside the mitochondria oxidation happens to the high energy compounds (NADH and FADH)and the released electrons reduce the oxygen in to water molecules. The movement of electrons make a proton gradient by pumping the H+ in to the inter membrane space and ATP synthase (5th complex) use this H+ to rotate the complex and synthesize ATP inside the matrix.

All complexes are present on the inner membrane and they provide a way for the transfer of electron from high energy compounds to oxygen.

Complex 1 Complex III 2H+ 1e Complex IV AH 4H+ le Cyt C I le Fes 2e 2e QA QB OB Mitochondrial inner membrane le CuA le Heme A1 (Wait for the second le electron to come) Heme A3 Fes Q pool 1 BL V FMN BH CuB 2e 4H+ NADH NAD+, 2 electron 4H+ Total 10 H+ is pumbed in to the intermembrane space for 1 NADH2 4H+ =1 ATP So 1 NADH= 2.5 ATP 02 H2O H2O From FADH2 the electrons transfereed to complex 2 and the rest is same.

Mitochondria Complex 1 Complex 2 Complex 3 Complex 4 ATP synthase Inner membrane ATP synthesis happens (matrix) Outer membrane ch Inter membrane space (High H+ during ETC) Cristae (Increase surface area) Matrix (Low H+ during ETC)

CHLOROPLAST.

Chloroplast is the cell organelle, present only in photosynthetic organisms (mainly in plants). Here also it is double layered membrane bound organelle and both ATP generation and utilization happens inside the chloroplast. During light reaction of photosynthesis (just opposite to ETC), water split in to 2H⁺ and release electron and this electron reduce the high energy compound NADP+ in to NADPH with the production of energy in the form of ATP. By using all these energy, dark reaction takes place in the stroma of chloroplast to produce carbohydrate (plant food). Light reaction takes place in the grana of chloroplast and it is made up of individual unit thylakoid.

Here H+ gradient happens inside the thylakoid space and ATP is synthesized in to the stroma.

Photo systems are present in the thylakoid membrane, either in stacked or unstacked regions.

CHLOROPLAST Stroma lamella Chloroplast Thylakoid (inside thylakoid space) Grana (light reaction takesplace) Chlorophyll Stroma.(Dark reaction takesplace)