Question

Recall that DNA is a template for mRNA. Every three mRNA nucleotides make up a codon which corresponds to a specific amino acid. The properties of the amino acids determine how the protein folds. Explain how the differences in each of the DNA sequences used still allow each organism to make the same functional protein. (Note: A chart showing amino acids and the corresponding DNA genetic code may be useful. You can search for this online using the term “DNA codon chart.” Remember that DNA uses Thymine instead the Uracil used in mRNA.)

Answer 1

Transcription is a process in which synthesis of mRNA from DNA.

Transcription - one strand of DNA serves as a template and synthesis working copies of mRNA, other strand does not participate in the process is known as coding strand.

For instance :-

DNA - 5' A T G C A T G G C A 3' Coding strand.

3' T A C G T A C C G T 5' Template strand

mRNA :- 5' A U G C A U G G C A 3'

Translation is the process of synthesis of protein from mRNA.

The sequence of amino acids in the protein synthesized is determined by the nucleotide bases sequence of mRNA.

Genetic code : the three nucleotide base sequence in mRNA that acts as code words for amino acids in protein are known as codon.

61 condoms codes for 20 amino acids.

Codons - AUG, GUG are initiating codons where as UAA, UAG, UGA are stop codons which terminates the process of translation.

Codons are recognized by the anticodons pf tRNA .

For instance mRNA 5' A U G C A U G G C A 3' codes for:-

Amino acid sequence : methionine(AUG) , histidine(CAU) , glycine(GGC) .  

Change in sequence of mRNA will alters the sequence of amino acid and the changes in the mRNA are the result of change in the nucleotides sequence in the DNA .

For instance : addition of 'G' base in the above mRNA :-

5' AUG G C A U G G C A 3'

Amino acids - Methionine(AUG) , alanine(GCA) , Tryptophan (UGG) .

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